Augusta University’s Summerville campus was once used as a United States Army arsenal. The Arsenal was established downtown in 1816 and relocated to the AU campus in 1827. At the turn of the 20th century, the arsenal's prominence began to decline, starting with the Spanish–American War in which the arsenal manufactured equipment, seacoast targets, and was also used as a repair station. During World War I, the station at Augusta University’s Summerville Campus repaired rifles and small arms. The grounds were also used to produced ordnance material and fire control operations for World War II.
The arsenal was closed in 1955 and two short years later the land was donated to the Augusta Board of Education. The grounds were then used to establish the Junior College of Augusta. In 1958, the name changed to Augusta College, and in 1996 to Augusta State University.
Located between Walton Way and McDowell St, the Summerville campus houses many of the university’s undergraduate programs and the Jaguar Student Activities Center. The Maxwell Performing Arts Theatre, the History Walk, Mary S. Byrd Gallery of Art, The Honors Program, and Maxwell Alumni House are all located on this campus. The campus is also the location of the James M. Hull College of Business, the AU College of Education, AU College of Science and Mathematics, and the Pamplin College of fine arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences are located here.
The campus was formerly known for the Arsenal Oak, a large oak tree that contained wood believed to be 250–400 years old. Unfortunately it was cut down in June 2004 due to a crippling disease. A dedication ceremony of the replanting of the new Arsenal Oak took place on Friday, April 29, 2016, on the front lawn of the Benét House. The new oak tree is said to have grown from an acorn of the original Arsenal Oak.